Article
J. D. Mikalson
Article
Madeleine Jost
Callisto, ‘very beautiful’, a mythical Arcadian princess or *nymph. (See
Article
Ellen E. Rice
A Dodecanese island lying between *Cos and Leros to the west of the *Halicarnassus peninsula. Calymnos together with nearby islands whose identity is disputed are probably the ‘Kalydnai isles’ mentioned in Homer (Il. 2. 677). Caves and tombs reveal neolithic and Mycenaean occupation. The main Mycenaean citadel was probably at Perakastro near the modern capital Pothia. Herodotus (7. 99) states that Calymnos was later colonized by Dorians from Epidaurus. In historical times, Calymnian ships fought with the Carians during the Persian War (see
A sanctuary of *Apollo and theatre were found at the site of Christ of Jerusalem near Damos in the southern half of the island. Finds show that the cult existed there from archaic times onwards, and nearby cemeteries and walls attest ancient occupation in this area. The other main centre of occupation was around Vathy in the east, as an impressive fortification circuit wall at Embolas shows. There are Roman and Byzantine remains throughout the island as well as on the islet of Telendos to the west.
Article
Nicholas J. Richardson
Article
Alan H. Griffiths
Canace (Κανάκη), tragic victim of the story presented in *Euripides' Aeolus. A daughter of the island-king *Aeolus (1), she was impregnated by her brother Macareus. When she gave birth and the affair came to light, her father sent her a sword with which she committed suicide; the guilty brother followed suit.
Article
Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth
Article
Herbert Jennings Rose
Article
Robert Parker
The main Dorian festival, honouring *Apollo Carneius. We know little about its content except at *Sparta, where it took place in late summer and lasted nine days; and even here the evidence is fragmentary. The Spartan Carnea was above all a choral and musical festival of *panhellenic importance. The most picturesque rite was that of the σταφυλοδρόμοι, ‘grape runners’, one of whom, draped in woollen fillets, was chased by the others: it counted as ‘a good omen for the city’ if he was caught. Carnea runners are also attested on *Thera and at *Cnidus. We also hear that the Carnea was ‘an imitation of the military way of life’, at which men selected by *phratries camped out and dined together in huts (*Demetrius (12) of Scepsis in Athenaeus 141e). See
Article
Herbert Jennings Rose and Jenny March
Article
Herbert Jennings Rose and Jenny March
Article
Roger Beck and Antony Spawforth
Article
Emily Kearns
Article
Alan H. Griffiths
Article
Emily Kearns
Article
Herbert Jennings Rose and Antony Spawforth
Cepheus (Κηφεύς), name of four or five mythological persons, the best known being the father of *Andromeda. Though generally called an Ethiopian from *Euripides on, he and consequently the whole legend are very variously located; for particulars see Tümpel in Roscher's Lexikon 2. 1109–13.
Article
Alan H. Griffiths
Cerberus (Κέρβερος), monstrous hound who guards the entrance to the Underworld, often called simply ‘the dog of Hades’, ‘the dog’. Hesiod makes him a child of *Echidna and *Typhon, ‘brass-voiced and fifty-headed’ (Theog. 311 f.); three heads are more normal in literary descriptions and in art, while Attic vase-painters usually make do with two. A shaggy mane runs down his back, and he may sprout writhing snakes. Despite his impressive appearance, however, he failed to keep out *Orpheus, who lulled him to sleep with music; while *Heracles (with Athena's help) even managed to chain him up and drag him away to the upper world, where in a rerun of the conclusion to the labour of the Erymanthian boar he terrified *Eurystheus with the captive beast. The scene was already depicted in Archaic art on the so-called ‘Throne of *Amyclae’ (Paus. 3. 18. 13); a Caeretan hydria in the Louvre handles the theme with magnificent exuberance.
Article
Alan H. Griffiths
Ceyx (Κήυξ), son of the Morning Star, king of Trachis, friend of *Heracles, and father-in-law of *Cycnus (Hes. Shield 354); but most famous as husband of Alcyone. Their marriage was celebrated in the Hesiodic Wedding of Ceyx (frs. 263–9 M–W; see
Article
John Bintliff
The classical world witnessed many forms of landscape change in its physical geography, mostly due to longer-term geological and climatological processes, whilst only a minority were due purely to human action. The physical environment of Greek and Roman societies saw alterations through earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, sea-level fluctuations, erosion, and alluviation.
Already in Greek antiquity, Plato (Critias iii) observed how the Aegean physical landscape was being worn down over time as erosion from the uplands filled the lowland plains. Indeed, the Mediterranean region is amongst the most highly erodible in the world.1 However, scientific research in the field known as geoarchaeology has revealed a more complex picture than a continuous degradation of the ancient countryside.2
To uncover a more realistic picture of Mediterranean landscape change, the element of timescales proves to be central, and here the framework developed by the French historian Fernand Braudel3 provides the appropriate methodology. Braudel envisaged the Mediterranean past as created through the interaction of dynamic forces operating in parallel but on different “wavelengths” of time: the Short Term (observable within a human lifetime or less), the Medium Term (centuries or more, not clearly cognisant to contemporaries), and the Long Term (up to as much as thousands or millions of years, not at all in the awareness of past human agents).