Article
bee-keeping
John Ellis Jones
Article
beer and brewing
Travis Rupp
Article
booty
Michel Austin
Article
bribery, Greek
Simon Hornblower
Much Greek vocabulary for bribery is neutral (‘persuade by gifts/money’, ‘receiving gifts’), although pejorative terms like ‘gift-swallowing’ are found as early as Hesiod (Op. 37 ff.). Attic tragedy contains accusations of bribery against e.g. seers like Tiresias (Soph. OT 380 ff.); Thucydides' *Pericles (1) (2. 60. 5, cf. 65. 8) finds it necessary to say that he has not taken bribes; clearly the normal expectation was that politicians did. Accusations of bribery are frequent in 4th cent. orators, partly because you had to prove bribery in order to make a treason accusation (*eisangelia) stick: Hyperides 4. 29 f. Hyperides 5. 24 f. (with D. Whitehead's comm., 2000) implies an Athenian distinction between bribes taken for and against the state's interests; the latter type have been called ‘catapolitical’ (Harvey; but see H. Wankel, ZPE 85 (1991), 34 ff.). See also
Article
byssus
J. P. Wild
Article
capitalism
Neville Morley
Article
Carrara
T. W. Potter
Article
Cassiterides, 'Tin Islands'
Eric Herbert Warmington and Martin Millett
Article
cereals
Robert Sallares
Article
class and class struggle
Neville Morley
Article
Cleomenes (3), of Naucratis, financial administrator
Albert Brian Bosworth
In 332/1
Article
clubs, Greek
Marcus Niebuhr Tod and Simon Hornblower
Article
coinage, Greek
Keith Rutter
Article
coinage, Roman
Michael Crawford
Article
collatio lustralis
Arnold Hugh Martin Jones and Antony Spawforth
Article
commentarii
Christopher Pelling
Article
commercium
A. N. Sherwin-White and Andrew Lintott
Article
congiarium
Michael Crawford
Article
contubernium
M. I. Finley and Keith Bradley
Contubernium meant a ‘dwelling together’, as of soldiers or animals, but referred especially to a quasi-marital union between slave and slave or slave and free. Since a slave lacked juristic personality, a contubernium was not a marriage but a factual situation, at the pleasure of the slave-owner, creating no legal consequences despite the use of such words as uxor, maritus, or pater, even in legal texts. Children were the property of the mother's owner; no slave-woman could be guilty of adultery; manumission of one or both parents need not extend to their issue. Sepulchral inscriptions indicate that contubernia were highly valued. But how widespread de facto slave ‘families’ were and which social contexts best favoured them cannot be accurately known. Slave-owners always retained the right to separate slave family members, and commonly did so to judge from records of slave sales and bequests.
For bibliography see
Article
cotton
Stephanie Dalley
Cotton is first attested from excavations in the Indus valley for the early second millennium