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James Maxwell Ross Cormack and Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond
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D. W. R. Ridgway
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Donald Ernest Wilson Wormell and Stephen Mitchell
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T. W. Potter
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Paola Marone
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Arthur Geoffrey Woodhead and R. J. A. Wilson
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Arthur Geoffrey Woodhead and R. J. A. Wilson
Aetna (2), the name given to *Catana when *Hieron (1) I settled a colony there. In 461
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W. M. Murray
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Stephen Mitchell
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William Nassau Weech, Brian Herbert Warmington, and R. J. A. Wilson
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Kenneth S. Sacks
Who lived most of his adult life in *Alexandria (1), eventually leaving, perhaps in flight to Athens after 145. He was not, as previously believed, regent to *Ptolemy (1) IX but was in the service of *Heraclides (3) Lembus. His major works, for which there are fragmentary remains, include: Asian Affairs (Τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν), probably a universal history that extended to the *Diadochi; European Affairs (Τὰ κατὰ τὴν Εὐρώπην), perhaps to his own time; and On the Red Sea (Περὶ τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης) in five books (some preserved by Diodorus, bk. 3, and Photius). These large-scale histories, interlaced with *anthropology and *geography, provided a model for *Posidonius (2). He attacked the Asianic prose style, and *Photius calls him a worthy disciple of *Thucydides (2) in expression. He may have voiced hostility toward the Ptolemies, from whom he may have fled.
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John Frederick Drinkwater
Agri Decumates, a territory comprising the Black Forest, the basin of the Neckar, and the Swabian Alp, annexed by the Flavian emperors to shorten communications between the Rhine and the Danube, and attached to Upper Germany. It may earlier have been settled by the landless poor of Gaul. Though the imperial authorities' prime concern was the *limes, they took pains to establish several artificial civilian communities on the Gallic model, e.g. the civitas Ulpia Sueborum, administered from Ladenburg. The meaning of ‘Agri Decumates’ has been much disputed; today it is generally translated as ‘Ten Cantons’. The area was lost c.
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William Moir Calder and Susan Mary Sherwin-White
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Edward Togo Salmon and T. W. Potter
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David C. Braund
Albania (Transcaucasian), the land between *Iberia and the *Caspian, to the north of *Media Atropatene: it now lies largely within northern Azerbaijan and Daghestan. Albania comprises an extensive and quite dry plain, with the eastern spur of the main Caucasus to the north: pastoralism was widespread, though archaeology indicates agriculture and significant settlements (so too notably *Ptolemy (4)). Through Albania, past Derbend, lay the easiest and most-frequented route south across the Caucasus. In extant manuscripts of classical texts the Albani are often confused inextricably with the *Alans across the mountains to the north. The Albani are first mentioned in the context of Alexander III's campaigns. Pompey brought them within the Roman sphere in 65
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Edward Togo Salmon and D. W. R. Ridgway
Albanus mons, the Alban hills and more specifically their dominating peak (Monte Cavo, 950m. (3, 115 ft)), 21km. (13 mi.) south-east of Rome. Until c.1150
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Eric Herbert Warmington and Antony Spawforth
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Stephen J. Harrison
Albunea, sulphurous spring and stream near *Tibur with a famous waterfall, and its homonymous nymph (cf. Hor. Carm. 1. 7. 12), classed as a *Sibyl by *Varro (Lactant. Div. Inst. 1. 6. 12) and fancifully identified by etymology with the sea-goddess *Ino-Leucothea (Servius on Verg. Aen.
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John Frederick Drinkwater
Alesia, a hill-fort of the Mandubii, modern Alise-Ste Reine, where, in 52