Tragicocomoedia (τραγικοκωμῳδία), a play blending tragic and comic elements (Plaut.Amph. 50–63).
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Jonathan G. F. Powell
Fifty-eight speeches of Cicero survive in whole or part; numerous others were unpublished or lost (88 are recorded by Crawford).
Cicero's normal practice, if he decided to publish a speech, was to ‘write up’ (conficere) a version after the event. In one case we know that he delivered a speech from a script (Post reditum in senatu); otherwise it seems that only a few important passages, chiefly the exordium and peroration, were written out in extenso beforehand. The published versions of court speeches in many instances certainly represent a shortened version of the actual proceedings, as shown by Humbert; the examination of witnesses is largely omitted, and some sections of argumentation are represented only by headings. The extent to which Cicero changed the content or emphasis of his speeches when preparing them for publication is disputed. It has been thought that the speeches were regularly altered to suit the political circumstances of the time of publication, rather than the time of delivery. On the other hand, it has been pointed out that Cicero's overt reason for publication was to provide examples of successful oratory for posterity to imitate and admire, and this would naturally place limits on the degree of alteration that could reasonably be made, as would the presence among his readership of a substantial number of those who had been present at the delivery of the speech.
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Jonathan G. F. Powell
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Jonathan G. F. Powell
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Jonathan G. F. Powell
Cicero's surviving correspondence is an invaluable collection of evidence for his biography, for the history of the time, and for Roman social life. The sixteen books Ad familiares were published after Cicero's death by his freedman M. *Tullius Tiro. Cicero's letters to T. *Pomponius Atticus were preserved (without the replies) by the latter and seen by *Cornelius Nepos (Nep. Att. 16. 2–4, referring to a collection in 11 books). They were in circulation in the reign of Nero and later, but the silence of *Asconius suggests that they were not available to him. Our present collection Ad Atticum consists of sixteen books, probably an augmented version of the collection known to Nepos. We also have the smaller collections Ad Quintum fratrem (including the *Commentariolum petitionis) and Ad Brutum. Further collections of Cicero's letters apparently existed in antiquity. The Ad familiares collection contains, in addition to Cicero's own, letters from a variety of correspondents to him.
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Edward Courtney
Tullius Laurea, one of Cicero's *freedmen, wrote an epigram on a hot spring at a villa of Cicero (Plin. HN 31. 7–8) and some Greek epigrams.
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Stephen J. Harrison
Turnus (1), Italian hero, in *Virgil son of Daunus and the *nymph Venilia and brother of the nymph Juturna; the Greek tradition calls him ‘Tyrrhenus’, suggesting an *Etruscan link (Dion. Hal. 1. 64. 2). His role as *Aeneas' rival in Italy is well established before Virgil (Cato frs. 9, 11 Peter; Dion. Hal. 1. 64. 2; Livy, 1. 2. 1–5). In the Aeneid he is king of *Ardea and the Rutulians and favoured suitor, not fiancé, of *Latinus' daughter Lavinia; rejected in favour of Aeneas and maddened by Juno's intervention, he rouses the Latins (see
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Mario Citroni
Turnus (2), satirist of the time of *Domitian, popular in his own time (Mart. 7. 97. 8) and frequently mentioned later (Rut. Namat. 1. 603–4; Sid. Apoll. Carm. 9. 266; Lydus, Mag. 1. 41). The brother of the tragedian Scaevus *Memor (Mart. 11. 10), according to a scholion (see
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Peter G. M. Brown
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Edward Courtney
Tūtĭcānus, a boyhood friend of *Ovid, who cannot fit his name into verse without the playful scansions of Pont. 4. 12. 10–11; cf. 4. 14. He seems to have translated the Phaeacia episode (see
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R. A. Kaster
Tuticius Proculus, Latin grammarian from *Sicca Veneria and teacher of Marcus *Aurelius, who honoured him with a proconsulate (SHA M. Ant. 2. 3, 5; on the nomen, not ‘Eutychius’, Birley, Bonner Historia-Augusta-Colloquium 1966/67 39 f.).
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Edward Courtney
Lucius Vagellius, *suffect consul between 44 and 46
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Mario Citroni
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Edward Courtney
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R. A. Kaster
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R. A. Kaster
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Edward Courtney
Valgius (RE 7) Rufus, *suffect consul 12
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M. Winterbottom
Vallius Syriacus, declaimer. He was taught by the easygoing *Theodorus(3) (Sen.Controv. 2. 1. 36). Tiberius put him to death in
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R. A. Kaster
Quintus Vargunteius, gave recitations of *Ennius' Annals to large crowds. Like *Octavius Lampadio, he allegedly was influenced by *Crates(3) of Mallus, in the second half of the 2nd cent.