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Zacynthus
W. M. Murray
Article
Zagreus
Radcliffe G. Edmonds III
Article
Zaleucus
Rosalind Thomas
Zaleucus, lawgiver of Italian *Locri Epizephyrii, and probably the earliest lawgiver in Greece, perhaps c.650
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Zalmoxis
Alan H. Griffiths
Article
Zama
R. J. A. Wilson
Article
Zama, battle of
John F. Lazenby
Zama is the name given to the final battle of the Second *Punic War, though it was not actually fought near any of the places so called (see preceding entry). *Hannibal had perhaps 36,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, and 80 *elephants, P. *Cornelius Scipio Africanus perhaps 29,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry. The elephants, opening the battle, were either ushered down corridors Scipio had left in his formation or driven out to the flanks where they collided with Hannibal's cavalry, which was then routed by the Roman cavalry. When the infantry lines closed, the Roman first line may have defeated both Hannibal's first and second lines, though the remnants may have reformed on the wings of his third line, composed of his veterans from Italy. Scipio, too, reformed his lines at this point, and a titanic struggle developed until the Roman cavalry, returning from the pursuit, charged into Hannibal's rear, whereupon his army disintegrated.
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Zealots
Martin Goodman
Article
Zela
Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton and Stephen Mitchell
Zela (mod. Zile), an ancient temple-state of *Pontus with a large and fertile territory and a considerable population of sacred slaves (*hierodouloi) attached to the land and to the service of Anaitis (*Anahita) and ‘the Persian deities’. Here *Mithradates VI defeated C. *Valerius Triarius in 67 and Caesar *Pharnaces II in 47
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Zeno (1), of Elea, philosoper and friend of Parmenides
Malcolm Schofield
Zeno (1), of Elea is portrayed by *Plato(1) (Prm. 127b) as the pupil and friend of *Parmenides, and junior to him by 25 years. Their fictional meeting with a ‘very young’ *Socrates (ibid.) gives little basis for firm chronology. We may conclude only that Zeno was active in the early part of the 5th cent.
The most famous of Zeno's arguments are the four paradoxes about motion paraphrased by *Aristotle (Ph. 6. 9), which have intrigued thinkers down to Bertrand Russell in our era. The Achilles paradox proposes that a quicker can never overtake a slower runner who starts ahead of him, since he must always first reach the place the slower has already occupied. His task is in truth an infinite sequence of tasks, and can therefore never be completed. The Arrow paradox argues that in the present a body in motion occupies a place just its own size, and is therefore at rest. But since it is in the present throughout its movement, it is always at rest. The Dichotomy raises the same issues about infinite divisibility as the Achilles; the Arrow and the Stadium (an obscure puzzle about the relative motion of bodies) are perhaps directed against the implicit assumption of indivisible minima.
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Zeno (2), of Citium, founder of Stoicism
Julia Annas
Article
Zeno (3), of Tarsus, Stoic
Julia Annas
Zeno (3) of *Tarsus, Stoic (See
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Zeno (4), of Rhodes, politician, early 2nd cent. BCE
Kenneth S. Sacks
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Zeno (5), of Sidon, Epicurean, b. c. 150 BCE
William David Ross and Dirk Obbink
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Zeno (6), of Sidon, Stoic
Julia Annas
Zeno (6) of *Sidon, Stoic (See
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Zeno(7), Herophilean physician, 2nd cent. BCE
Heinrich von Staden
Article
Zenobia
John Frederick Drinkwater
Article
Zenodorus, mathematician, fl. 200 BCE
G. J. Toomer
Zenodorus, mathematician (fl. 200
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Zenodotus, of Ephesus, b. c. 325 BCE
John Francis Lockwood, Robert Browning, and Nigel Wilson
Article
Zephyrus
Alan H. Griffiths
Article
zeugitai
Arnold Wycombe Gomme, Theodore John Cadoux, and P. J. Rhodes
Zeugitai (from zeugos, ‘yoke’), at Athens, Solon's third property class, said (perhaps by false analogy with *pentakosiomedimnoi) to comprise men whose land yielded between 200 and 300 medimnoi of corn or the equivalent in other produce (the other three classes were *pentakosiomedimnoi, *hippeis, *thētes). The name identifies them as those who served in the army in close ranks (cf. Plut.Pel.23), i.e. as *hoplites, or, less probably, as those rich enough to own a yoke of oxen. Despite recent doubts, this class probably included many of the farmers and craftsmen of *Attica, and provided the bulk of the hoplite army. Under Solon's constitution the zeugitai enjoyed full citizen rights except that they were not admitted to the highest magistracies (see