Aristodemus (2) Malacus (‘the Effeminate’), tyrant of *Cumae, 504–c.490
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Aristodemus Malacus (2), 'the Effeminate'
Tim Cornell
Article
Aristodemus (3), Greek historian
Godfrey Louis Barber and Kenneth S. Sacks
Aristodemus (3), of unknown date (4th cent.
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Aristogiton
Rosalind Thomas
Article
Aristonicus (1), d. 128 BCE
R. M. Errington
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Aristophon, Athenian politician, c. 435–c. 335 BCE
George Law Cawkwell
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Arrian, c. 86–160 CE
Albert Brian Bosworth
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Arsinoë I, b. c. 300 BCE
Dorothy J. Thompson
Article
Artaxerxes (5) V
Simon Hornblower
Article
Artemisia (1), ruler, early 5th cent. BCE
Piero Treves and Simon Hornblower
Artemisia (1), early 5th-cent.
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Artemisia (2)
Simon Hornblower
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Artemisium, battle of, 480 BCE
John F. Lazenby
Pevki bay near *Artemisium on *Euboea was probably the base of the Greek fleet during the three days of fighting which coincided with the battle of *Thermopylae. With fewer and slower ships, the Greeks nevertheless took the initiative for two days, though careful to fight towards evening so that they could break off if necessary. But on the third day, perhaps to coincide with the final assault on Thermopylae, the Persian fleet came out at midday, and although still technically the victors, the Greeks had so many ships damaged that they were already considering withdrawal when the news of what had happened at Thermopylae reached them. Though indecisive, Artemisium, as *Pindar said (Plut. Them. 8. 2), was where the Greeks ‘laid the shining foundation of freedom’. See
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Artemon (3), 'the Historian', of Pergamum
John Dewar Denniston, Kenneth Dover, and M. B. Trapp
Artemon (3), of Pergamum, also styled ‘the historian’, perhaps identical with *Artemon (2) of Cassandreia, Cassandreia being his birthplace, Pergamum the scene of his literary activity. He is mentioned several times in the scholia to Pindar for explanations of historical, geographical, and mythological problems.
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artillery
Jonathan Coulston
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Asclepiades (4), of Myrleia in Bithynia, Greek author, 1st cent. BCE
Peter Barr Reid Forbes and Kenneth S. Sacks
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Aspasia
Simon Hornblower
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Astronomical Diaries
Kathryn Stevens
The Astronomical Diaries are Akkadian texts from Babylon which contain observations of astronomical phenomena and selected events on earth. They are written in the cuneiform script and preserved on several hundred clay tablets, most of which are today in the British Museum.
Very few of the tablets are complete, and some are in an extremely fragmentary state. Where no date formula survives, it is often possible to date them based on the astronomical observations recorded. The surviving tablets range in date from the mid-7th to the 1st century
Diaries usually cover periods of four to six months, divided into monthly sections. Daily astronomical observations form the bulk of each section. At the end of each month, the Diaries report the river level of the Euphrates; the market exchange values of several commodities in Babylon, and sometimes selected historical events such as warfare, disease outbreaks, visits from kings or officials, and cultic activities. The Diaries contain no explicit indications of purpose, but since they exhibit significant parallelism with prognostic material, it is likely that they were connected to some extent with divination. There are also parallels in content and phrasing between the Diaries and the Late Babylonian Chronicles.
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Astyochus
Stephen Hodkinson
Spartan admiral, 412/411