In the Homeric poems, gift-giving perhaps receives more attention than any other peaceful heroic activity. It has three outstanding features. First, gifts have an extremely wide range of functions. The word ‘gift’ (dōron) was, as Finley (see bibliog. below) puts it, ‘a cover-all for a great variety of actions and transactions which later became differentiated and acquired their own appellations…payments for services rendered, desired or anticipated; what we would call fees, rewards, prizes and sometimes bribes’ (and, we should perhaps add, taxes, loans, and diplomatic relationships). Secondly, gifts are often extremely valuable; those referred to include cattle, armour, women, and even entire cities. Thirdly, gifts are frequently given within contexts such as *marriage, *funerals, friendship, and ritualized friendship (see
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gift, Greece
G. Herman
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glass, Greek
Katherine A. Larson
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Glycon (2), Athenian sculptor, early 3rd cent. CE
Andrew F. Stewart
Glycon (2) Athenian sculptor (early 3rd cent.
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Gnathia
H. Kathryn Lomas
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Gortyn, Gortyn law code
Victor Ehrenberg, Lucia F. Nixon, and Simon Price
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Graeco-Persian style
Michael Vickers
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graffiti
Jacqueline DiBiasie-Sammons
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Greco-Roman architecture, reception of
Elizabeth R. Macaulay
Since antiquity Greek and Roman architecture has been subject to diverse and complex receptions. Architectural forms have experienced different and wide-scale transformations across space and time, both in antiquity and in postantique contexts. These adapted forms have emerged because of the complex interactions between building traditions and contemporary needs.
At a fundamental level, architecture must be functional. It must work for the purpose for which it was designed, be it a temple, law court, or residence. Vitruvius endorses this view in De Architectura (I.2.5), the only surviving architectural treatise from Greco-Roman antiquity. At the same time, architecture has a unique ability to concretise ideas. Not only were there political, religious, economic, social, and ideological concepts associated with specific types of ancient buildings, but the architectural forms of the classical world have had a powerful range of resonances that postantique architects, patrons, and regimes have been only too keen to exploit. Classical architectural forms come with a lot of baggage.
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gymnasium
Richard Allan Tomlinson
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haltēres
Frederick Adam Wright, Robert Leslie Howland, and Stephen Instone
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harbours
Philip de Souza
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Heraclea (2) by Latmus
Antony Spawforth
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Heraion
Richard Allan Tomlinson
Sanctuary of *Hera. The most important are the Heraion of *Argos(1), and the Heraion of *Samos. Both are situated at some distance from the cities which controlled or dominated them. The Argive Heraion is at an important but abandoned late bronze age site, which may have influenced its selection; the Samian Heraion also may have had earlier significance. Both developed early, having peripteral temples by at latest the first half of the 7th cent.
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Hermogenes (1), Greek architect
Richard Allan Tomlinson
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hippeis
John F. Lazenby and P. J. Rhodes
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Hippodamus, of Miletus
Richard Allan Tomlinson and Antony Spawforth
Hippodamus of *Miletus, was the most famous Greek town-planner. He was born probably about 500