Article
traders
Paul C. Millett
Article
travel
Nicholas Purcell
Article
tribuni aerarii
Ernst Badian
Tribuni aerarii, originally treasury officials concerned with the collection of *tributum and its disbursement as military *stipendium. The office disappeared, but the title may have been preserved. It reappears in 70
Article
tribute lists, Athenian
Malcolm F. McGregor and P. J. Rhodes
Article
tributum
Graham Burton
Article
trittyes, 'thirds'
Arnold Wycombe Gomme, Theodore John Cadoux, and P. J. Rhodes
Trittyes (‘thirds’), divisions both of the four old and of the ten new tribes at Athens. Little is known of the old trittyes; an ancient guess that they were identical with the *phratries seems to be mistaken; that each contained four of the *naukrariai is possible but far from certain. In *Cleisthenes(2)'s new locally based organization each of the ten tribes (*phylai) was divided into trittyes It is disputed whether each trittys was located entirely in one region (Ath. Pol. 21. 4) or the principle was modified to produce trittyes of approximately equal size; and how the trittyes of the prytaneis on duty for 24 hours (Ath. Pol. 44. 1) was composed. Each trittys consisted of one or more *demes, commonly but not invariably a block of neighbouring demes. The trittyes did not become active corporations to the same extent as the tribes and the demes, but they played some part in the organization of the navy, and possibly of the army, and in appointment to some of the larger boards.
Article
vectigal
Graham Burton
Article
via Salaria
Edward Togo Salmon and T. W. Potter
Via Salaria, an old-established route which facilitated the salt trade from the *Tiber mouth. It ran north-east from Rome to *Reate in the Sabine country. Later extensions,
Article
villa
Michael L. Thomas
Article
wages
Paul C. Millett
Article
water
Johan Harm Croon and Antony Spawforth
Article
wealth, attitudes to
John Davies
Article
wealth, Roman attitudes towards
Gloria Vivenza and Neville Morley
Article
wetlands (bog, marsh)
Giusto Traina
The most common words to designate a marsh, a swamp, or a bog are helos in ancient Greek and palus in Latin; beside these terms, less common words were also employed. Literary and epigraphic texts give evidence for marshlands in the countryside, in the coastal areas, and also close to urban agglomerations. The sources often give evidence for drainage activity, but cases of extensive drainage are rare. In fact, they were possible only at public expense, by employing free or slave labor. On the other hand, several territories were characterized by a sort of marsh economy. Although rarely portrayed in literature, and despite the risk of malaria, marshy areas presented some economic potential: fishing, hunting, salt extraction, and farming. In many respects, the negative image of wetlands is a modern invention. The contrast between the rational order of the Roman countryside and the “barbaric” medieval landscape was introduced by the Enlightenment, and must be treated with caution.
Article
wine, Greek and Roman
Dimitri van Limbergen
Grape cultivation reached Greece towards the end of the 3rd millennium
Article
wool
J. P. Wild
Article
zeugitai
Arnold Wycombe Gomme, Theodore John Cadoux, and P. J. Rhodes
Zeugitai (from zeugos, ‘yoke’), at Athens, Solon's third property class, said (perhaps by false analogy with *pentakosiomedimnoi) to comprise men whose land yielded between 200 and 300 medimnoi of corn or the equivalent in other produce (the other three classes were *pentakosiomedimnoi, *hippeis, *thētes). The name identifies them as those who served in the army in close ranks (cf. Plut.Pel.23), i.e. as *hoplites, or, less probably, as those rich enough to own a yoke of oxen. Despite recent doubts, this class probably included many of the farmers and craftsmen of *Attica, and provided the bulk of the hoplite army. Under Solon's constitution the zeugitai enjoyed full citizen rights except that they were not admitted to the highest magistracies (see
Article
zooarchaeology
Michael MacKinnon
Zooarchaeology/archaeozoology focuses on the investigation of animals in the past through analysis of recovered faunal remains, largely teeth and bones, from archaeological sites. As such zooarchaeological analyses can disclose much about the animals themselves, the environmental and ecological parameters in which they existed, as well as the cultures that kept, herded, controlled, hunted, manipulated, killed, ate, valued, symbolized, treated, and exploited them. The historical development of zooarchaeological study within classical archaeology showcases its expansion from earlier studies (in the 1970s and 1980s) that concentrated on reconstructing the core economic and ecological roles of animals in antiquity to its current state, which emphasizes more diversified, multidimensional investigations of animals across all spectra and components of ancient life. Key topics of interest in the discipline include ancient husbandry operations; the interaction between animals and ecological settings; the input of meat and other animal foodstuffs in ancient diets; the exploitation of non-consumable animal products, such as bones, hides, and wool in antiquity; breeding regimes and their effects on animals during Greek and Roman times; and the roles and characteristics of work, pet, and sacrificial animals in the past.