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Article

medicine, Mesopotamia  

John Z. Wee

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
26 May 2021
Subjects:
  1. Science, Technology, and Medicine
  2. Near East
Cuneiform medical manuscripts are found in large numbers, mostly from 1st-millennium bce sites throughout ancient Mesopotamia. Included in the therapeutic tradition are pharmacological glossaries, herbal recipes with plant, mineral, and animal ingredients, and healing incantations and rituals. A Diagnostic Handbook created at the end of the 2nd millennium bce maps out a blueprint for medical practice that sketches out how a healer progresses in his knowledge of the sickness—initially interpreting bodily signs in ways reminiscent of omen divination, and only later arriving at a settled diagnostic verdict and treatment of the kind depicted in the therapeutic tradition. Mesopotamian aetiologies focused on malevolent agents external to the body, encouraging concerns for contagion, prophylaxis, and sanitation, while omitting significant roles for dietetics and exercise aimed at rectifying internal imbalances. Operative surgery was limited, because of the inadequacy of available analgesics and antiseptics. Suppliants seeking a cure visited temples of the healing goddess Gula in the cities of Isin and Nippur, while, among the professions, the “magician” and the “physician” were most associated with medical practice. After the 5th century bce, Calendar Texts and other astrological genres linked various ingredients to each zodiacal name, indicating certain days when a particular ingredient would become medically efficacious.

Article

Pantheon, reception of  

Elizabeth R. Macaulay

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
19 July 2023
Subjects:
  1. Reception
  2. Roman Material Culture
The Pantheon, considered to be one of the greatest Roman buildings ever, was an architectural palimpsest that ancient and post-antique architects have reinterpreted, especially the combination of the dome and temple façade.The Pantheon is considered one of the greatest Roman buildings ever erected (figure 1). Its soaring dome, remarkable interior, and porch with a double pediment have resulted in wide-ranging receptions of its architecture. While scholars debate the origin and meaning of the double pediment and the date of the Pantheon, such academic debates were not a primary consideration for later architects, who viewed the Pantheon as an architectural palimpsest. The Pantheon’s unique soaring dome and oculus created a remarkable architectural interior, and the monumental porch served as an impressive and imposing entrance. The combination of a dome and porch would be replicated in countless buildings. Due to its conversion into a church in 609 or 610 .

Article

Uruk, Hellenistic  

Heather D. Baker

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
07 March 2016
Subjects:
  1. Near East

The site of Uruk (modern Warka; Greek Ὀρχόη, biblical Erech) lies some 110 miles (177 km) southeast of Babylon. A city already in the 4th millennium bce, Uruk had been continuously occupied since prehistory and remained an important center for the survival of cuneiform culture well into the Hellenistic era. At that time, the city was physically dominated by its two major temple precincts, that of the sky god Anu and that of the goddesses Ishtar and Nanaya. In contrast to Babylon with its Greek theatre, the long-running German excavations at Uruk have yielded no evidence of Greek-style buildings; rather, the temples and other structures were built in traditional Babylonian style. Members of the priesthood dominated the urban community, playing a prominent role in civic affairs as well as in the transmission of Babylonian scholarship. They continued to write their legal and administrative documents in Akkadian using the cuneiform script, although Aramaic had likely replaced Akkadian by now as the predominant spoken language. Traces of a Greek presence in Uruk include administrative bullae bearing inscriptions of Seleucid tax offices, as well as Greek personal names and occasional Greek words occurring in cuneiform tablets.

Article

Nemea  

Kim Shelton

Article

Publication History:

Published online:
07 March 2016
Subjects:
  1. Greek Material Culture
  2. Greek Myth and Religion
Nemea is a fertile upland valley in southern Corinthia where the Sanctuary of Zeus and its panhellenic festival with athletic games was founded in the 6th century bce. After a period of disruption in the Classical period, when the games were removed and celebrated in Argos, the later 4th century bce saw a renewal of the games at the site which underwent a substantial building program with a new temple, stadium, and facilities for athletes and festival participants. A hero shrine in the form of a tumulus was constructed in the southwestern part of the sanctuary in the Iron Age and was rebuilt with a stone perimeter wall in the late 4th century. The Nemea valley was occupied and farmed from prehistory through the medieval period when the pagan sanctuary was converted for Christian worship with the construction of a basilica from the spolia of the Temple of Zeus.Nemea (.