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Theories of Journalism
Stephen D. Reese
Journalism seeks to observe and communicate what it learns of social importance, something called news, and in doing so is always in the process of creating a public by bringing it into ...
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Theory of Mind and Communication in Health and Risk Messaging
M. Jeffrey Farrar, Yao Guan, and Kaitlyn Erhardt
Humans live not only in a physical world but also in a mental world. Theory of mind reflects the understanding that the mind is comprised of different mental states, such as intentions, ...
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Thought Speed and Health Communication
Kaite Yang and Emily Pronin
Social psychological research on thinking has generally focused on the attitudes, emotions, motivations, and biases that affect thinking and consequent behavior. What has received less ...
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Tourism and Intergroup Communication
Hiroshi Ota
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Please check back later for the full article.
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Transcription for Conversation Analysis
Galina B. Bolden and Alexa Hepburn
The transcription system for Conversation Analysis (CA) was originally developed by Gail Jefferson, one of the founders of CA, in the 1960s. Jefferson’s transcription conventions aim to ...
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Transnational Cooperation in Journalism
Maria Konow-Lund, Amanda Gearing, and Peter Berglez
The journalism industry has used technology and cooperation to convey information around the world since the mid-1800s when six American newspapers aligned to form the Associated Press. ...
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Transnational News Flows
Daya Kishan Thussu
The international flow of news has traditionally been dominated by that from North to South, with the West being at the core. Within the West itself, news flow is dominated by ...
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Transportation Theory Applied to Health and Risk Messaging
Melanie C. Green and Kaitlin Fitzgerald
Transportation Theory:
Narrative transportation theory focuses on the causes and consequences of an individual being immersed in a story, or ...
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Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change in Health and Risk Messaging
Seth M. Noar
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is an integrative health behavior change theory that describes the process of how people change their behavior. The central organizing construct in the ...
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Types of Explanations in Health and Risk Messaging
Katherine E. Rowan
Explanations designed to teach, rather than to support scientific claims in scholarly works, are essential in health and risk communication. Patients explain why they think their symptoms ...
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Uncertainty and Extremism
Sucharita Belavadi
Uncertainty regarding the self—about who we are, our place in the world, and our future is typically an unsettling and aversive state. It is a state that we are motivated to reduce in ...
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Uncertainty Management Theories
Michael A. Hogg and Sucharita Belavadi
The subjective state of uncertainty can be understood as deriving from reduced predictability of and control over events and the world around us. There are different ways to conceptualize ...
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Understanding Hate Speech
Michael S. Waltman and Ashely A. Mattheis
Most of the research dealing with hate and hate speech has examined the practices and discourses of hate groups and hate crimes. This work has tended to focus on hate and hate speech ...
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The United States Military: Sites of Intergroup Discourses
Erin Sahlstein Parcell
The United States military is a frequent point of public conversation since the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001. Approximately two and a half million service members have ...
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Urban Communication
Susan J. Drucker and Gary Gumpert
Cities themselves function as media of communication. They are places where messages are created, carried, and exchanged by structures, infrastructures, and people. Urbanity is an age-old ...
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Using Guilt to Motivate Individuals to Adopt Healthy Habits
Monique Mitchell Turner
In social marketing, the use of guilt appeals can be effective for influencing healthy behaviors. Guilt, being a moral, other-based emotion, can spur people to think of others, act ...
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Using Maps to Display Geographic Risk, Personal Health Data, and Ownership
Suellen Hopfer and Genesis Gutierrez
Fundamental structural features of risk maps influence how health risk and burden information is understood. The mapping of health data by medical geographers in the 1800s has evolved into ...
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Using Pictures in Health and Risk Messages
Sarah C. Vos and Elisia Cohen
Using pictures (also called images) in health and risk messages increases attention to messages and facilitates increased retention of message content, especially in low-literate ...
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Using Quotations in Health and Risk Message Design
Rhonda Gibson
Quotations, something that a person says or writes that is then used by someone else in another setting, have long been a staple of news stories. Reporters use quotations—both direct and ...
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Verbal Communication Styles and Culture
Meina Liu
A communication style is the way people communicate with others, verbally and nonverbally. It combines both language and nonverbal cues and is the meta-message that dictates how listeners ...
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