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The Positive Economic Theory of Tort Law
Mark F. Grady
Tort law is part of the common law that originated in England after the Norman Conquest and spread throughout the world, including to the United States. It is judge-made law that allows ...
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Poverty and Social Policy in the United States
James P. Ziliak
The interaction between poverty and social policy is an issue of longstanding interest in academic and policy circles. There are active debates on how to measure poverty, including where ...
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Predictive Regressions
Jesús Gonzalo and Jean-Yves Pitarakis
Predictive regressions are a widely used econometric environment for assessing the predictability of economic and financial variables using past values of one or more predictors. The ...
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Preferential Trade Agreements: Recent Theoretical and Empirical Developments
James Lake and Pravin Krishna
In recent decades, there has been a dramatic proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) between countries that, while legal, contradict the non-discrimination principle of the ...
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Price Regulation and Pay-for-Performance in Public Health Systems
Luigi Siciliani
Payment systems based on fixed prices have become the dominant model to finance hospitals across OECD countries. In the early 1980s, Medicare in the United States introduced the Diagnosis ...
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Price Regulation and Pharmaceuticals
A. McGuire
Pharmaceutical expenditure accounts for approximately 20% of healthcare expenditure across the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Pharmaceutical ...
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Public Finance and Soft Budgets
Rosella Levaggi
The concept of soft budget constraint, describes a situation where a decision-maker finds it impossible to keep an agent to a fixed budget. In healthcare it may refer to a (nonprofit) ...
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Purchasing Power Parity and Real Exchange Rates
Menzie D. Chinn
The idea that prices and exchange rates adjust so as to equalize the common-currency price of identical bundles of goods—purchasing power parity (PPP)—is a topic of central importance in ...
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Qualitative Methods in Health Economics
Joanna Coast and Manuela De Allegri
Qualitative methods are being used increasingly by health economists, but most health economists are not trained in these methods and may need to develop expertise in this area. This ...
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Quality in Nursing Homes
Matteo Lippi Bruni, Irene Mammi, and Rossella Verzulli
In developed countries, the role of public authorities as financing bodies and regulators of the long-term care sector is pervasive and calls for well-planned and informed policy actions. ...
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The Rationale for Interventions to Foster Child Development
Samuel Berlinski and Marcos Vera-Hernández
Socioeconomic gradients in health, cognitive, and socioemotional skills start at a very early age. Well-designed policy interventions in the early years can have a great impact in closing ...
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Returns to Health Spending in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Ijeoma Peace Edoka
Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a disproportionately high burden of diseases in comparison to high-income countries, partly due to inequalities in the distribution of ...
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Social Interactions in Health Behaviors and Conditions
Ana Balsa and Carlos Díaz
Health behaviors are a major source of morbidity and mortality in the developed and much of the developing world. The social nature of many of these behaviors, such as eating or using ...
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Sovereign Debt: Theory
Vivian Zhanwei Yue and Bin Wei
This article reviews the literature on sovereign debt, that is, debt issued by a national government. The defining characteristic of sovereign debt is the limited mechanisms for ...
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Statistical Significance and the Replication Crisis in the Social Sciences
Anna Dreber and Magnus Johannesson
The recent “replication crisis” in the social sciences has led to increased attention on what statistically significant results entail. There are many reasons for why false positive ...
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Strategies to Counteract Risk Selection in Social Health Insurance Markets
Richard C. van Kleef, Thomas G. McGuire, Frederik T. Schut, and Wynand P. M. M. van de Ven
Many countries rely on social health insurance supplied by competing insurers to enhance fairness and efficiency in healthcare financing. Premiums in these settings are typically community ...
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Structural Breaks in Time Series
Alessandro Casini and Pierre Perron
This article covers methodological issues related to estimation, testing, and computation for models involving structural changes. Our aim is to review developments as they relate to ...
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Supplementary Health Insurance and Regulation of Healthcare Systems
Brigitte Dormont
Most developed nations provide generous coverage of care services, using either a tax financed healthcare system or social health insurance. Such systems pursue efficiency and equity in ...
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Technology, Productivity, and Costs in Healthcare
Albert A. Okunade and Ahmad Reshad Osmani
Healthcare cost encompasses expenditures on the totality of scarce resources (implicit and explicit) given up (or allocated) to produce healthcare goods (e.g., drugs and medical devices) ...
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The Economics of Diet and Obesity: Public Policy
Fabrice Etilé
The rise in obesity and other food-related chronic diseases has prompted public-health officials of local communities, national governments, and international institutions to pay attention ...
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