Summary

This article examines the syntactic structure of Brazilian Sign Language (Libras), focusing on word order and the role of different verb types. The study combines formal and functional theoretical perspectives, supported by empirical data, based on Libras Corpus. It confirms that Libras primarily follows a Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) word order under unmarked conditions, although variations like Subject–Object–Verb can occur. These variations often arise due to grammatical mechanisms, such as topicalization, focus constructions, and using non-manual markers like facial expressions.

A significant finding of the study is the distinction between plain and non-plain verbs. Plain verbs lack agreement features and do not show inflection with subjects or objects, whereas non-plain verbs, including agreement and spatial verbs, incorporate agreement features related to person, number, or location. This distinction affects the syntactic structure of Libras, allowing non-plain verbs greater flexibility in word order and enabling negation to occur in preverbal positions, which is not possible with plain verbs.

Corpus-based analysis reinforces these observations, showing that natural, spontaneous signing tends to adhere to SVO word order, with variations marked by specific non-manual cues and syntactic mechanisms. Using both manual and non-manual elements is crucial in constructing meaning and conveying different levels of emphasis or background information within sentences. Complex syntactic units, including those with coordination and subordination, are managed through these markers, showcasing the syntactic richness of Libras.

The study highlights the importance of further research into the syntax of Libras, especially in the context of bilingualism, as many signers also use Portuguese. This bilingual context may influence syntactic choices and word order in Libras, suggesting that syntax is shaped by both linguistic and sociolinguistic factors. Future research should continue to explore these dynamics to deepen the understanding of the complexities and adaptability of sign languages, contributing to the broader knowledge of human language.