Active Electroreception in Weakly Electric Fish
Angel Ariel Caputi
American gymnotiformes and African mormyriformes have evolved an active sensory system using a self-generated electric field as a carrier of signals. Objects polarized by the discharge of ...
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Annelid Vision
Cynthia M. Harley and Mark K. Asplen
Annelid worms are simultaneously an interesting and difficult model system for understanding the evolution of animal vision. On the one hand, a wide variety of photoreceptor cells and eye ...
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Auditory Hair Cells and Sensory Transduction
Jeffrey R. Holt and Gwenaëlle S.G. Géléoc
The organs of the vertebrate inner ear respond to a variety of mechanical stimuli: semicircular canals are sensitive to angular velocity, the saccule and utricle respond to linear ...
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Auditory Mechanisms of Echolocation in Bats
Cynthia F. Moss
Echolocating bats have evolved an active sensing system, which supports 3D perception of objects in the surroundings and permits spatial navigation in complete darkness. Echolocating ...
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Auditory Processing in the Aging Brain
Gregg Recanzone
Age-related hearing loss affects over half of the elderly population, yet it remains poorly understood. Natural aging can cause the input to the brain from the cochlea to be progressively ...
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Autonomic Thermoregulation
Thad E. Wilson and Kristen Metzler-Wilson
Thermoregulation is a key physiologic homeostatic process and is subdivided into autonomic, behavioral, and adaptive divisions. Autonomic thermoregulation is a neural process related to ...
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Biosonar and Sound Localization in Dolphins
Paul E. Nachtigall
Toothed whales and dolphins, odontocete cetaceans, produce very loud biosonar sounds in order to navigate and to locate and catch their prey of fish and squid. Underwater biosonar was not ...
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Brain-Derived Steroids and Behaviors
Colin J. Saldanha
Since the early 1980s, evidence suggesting that the vertebrate brain is a rich source of steroid hormones has been decisive and extensive. This evidence includes data from many vertebrate ...
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Caenorhabditis elegans Olfaction
Douglas K. Reilly and Jagan Srinivasan
To survive, animals must properly sense their surrounding environment. The types of sensation that allow for detecting these changes can be categorized as tactile, thermal, aural, or ...
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Cortical Processing of Odorants
Yaniv Cohen, Emmanuelle Courtiol, Regina M. Sullivan, and Donald A. Wilson
Odorants, inhaled through the nose or exhaled from the mouth through the nose, bind to receptors on olfactory sensory neurons. Olfactory sensory neurons project in a highly stereotyped ...
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Deep Neural Networks in Computational Neuroscience
Tim C. Kietzmann, Patrick McClure, and Nikolaus Kriegeskorte
The goal of computational neuroscience is to find mechanistic explanations of how the nervous system processes information to give rise to cognitive function and behavior. At the heart of ...
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Drosophila Olfaction
Quentin Gaudry and Jonathan Schenk
Olfactory systems are tasked with converting the chemical environment into electrical signals that the brain can use to optimize behaviors such as navigating towards resources, finding ...
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Evolution of Neocortex for Sensory Processing
Jon H. Kaas
The neocortex is a part of the forebrain of mammals that is an innovation of mammal-like “reptilian” synapsid ancestors of early mammals. This neocortex emerged from a small region of ...
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The Functional Organization of Vertebrate Retinal Circuits for Vision
Tom Baden, Timm Schubert, Philipp Berens, and Thomas Euler
Visual processing begins in the retina—a thin, multilayered neuronal tissue lining the back of the vertebrate eye. The retina does not merely read out the constant stream of photons ...
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General Principles for Sensory Coding
Tatyana O. Sharpee
Sensory systems exist to provide an organism with information about the state of the environment that can be used to guide future actions and decisions. Remarkably, two conceptually simple ...
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Genetics and Evolution of Color Vision in Primates
Gerald H. Jacobs
Color is a central feature of human perceptual experience where it functions as a critical component in the detection, identification, evaluation, placement, and appreciation of objects in ...
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Insect Navigation: Neural Basis to Behavior
Stanley Heinze
Navigation is the ability of animals to move through their environment in a planned manner. Different from directed but reflex-driven movements, it involves the comparison of ...
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Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression
Arianna Maffei
Synaptic connections in the brain can change their strength in response to patterned activity. This ability of synapses is defined as synaptic plasticity. Long lasting forms of synaptic ...
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Mammalian Visual System Organization
Farran Briggs
Many mammals, including humans, rely primarily on vision to sense the environment. While a large proportion of the brain is devoted to vision in highly visual animals, there are not enough ...
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Motion Processing in Primates
Tyler S. Manning and Kenneth H. Britten
The ability to see motion is critical to survival in a dynamic world. Decades of physiological research have established that motion perception is a distinct sub-modality of vision ...
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