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Active Electroreception in Weakly Electric Fish
Angel Ariel Caputi
American gymnotiformes and African mormyriformes have evolved an active sensory system using a self-generated electric field as a carrier of signals. Objects polarized by the discharge of ...
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Annelid Vision
Cynthia M. Harley and Mark K. Asplen
Annelid worms are simultaneously an interesting and difficult model system for understanding the evolution of animal vision. On the one hand, a wide variety of photoreceptor cells and eye ...
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Auditory Hair Cells and Sensory Transduction
Jeffrey R. Holt and Gwenaëlle S.G. Géléoc
The organs of the vertebrate inner ear respond to a variety of mechanical stimuli: semicircular canals are sensitive to angular velocity, the saccule and utricle respond to linear ...
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Auditory Mechanisms of Echolocation in Bats
Cynthia F. Moss
Echolocating bats have evolved an active sensing system, which supports 3D perception of objects in the surroundings and permits spatial navigation in complete darkness. Echolocating ...
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Auditory Processing in the Aging Brain
Gregg Recanzone
Age-related hearing loss affects over half of the elderly population, yet it remains poorly understood. Natural aging can cause the input to the brain from the cochlea to be progressively ...
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Autonomic Control of Immune Function
Eric S. Wohleb
Proper immune function is critical to maintain homeostasis, recognize and eliminate pathogens, and promote tissue repair. Primary and secondary immune organs receive input from the ...
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Autonomic Regulation of Penile Erection
K-E Andersson
Penile erection is a part of the human male sexual response, involving desire, excitation (erection), orgasm (ejaculation), and resolution, and autonomic nerves are involved in all phases. ...
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Autonomic Regulation of the Eye
Paul J. May, Anton Reiner, and Paul D. Gamlin
The functions of the eye are regulated by and dependent upon the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system controls constriction of the iris and accommodation of the ...
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Autonomic Thermoregulation
Thad E. Wilson and Kristen Metzler-Wilson
Thermoregulation is a key physiologic homeostatic process and is subdivided into autonomic, behavioral, and adaptive divisions. Autonomic thermoregulation is a neural process related to ...
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Behavioral Neuroendocrinology of Female Aggression
Natalia Duque-Wilckens and Brian C. Trainor
Aggressive behavior plays an essential role in survival and reproduction across animal species—it has been observed in insects, fish, reptiles, and mammals including humans. Even though ...
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Biosonar and Sound Localization in Dolphins
Paul E. Nachtigall
Toothed whales and dolphins, odontocete cetaceans, produce very loud biosonar sounds in order to navigate and to locate and catch their prey of fish and squid. Underwater biosonar was not ...
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Brain-Derived Steroids and Behaviors
Colin J. Saldanha
Since the early 1980s, evidence suggesting that the vertebrate brain is a rich source of steroid hormones has been decisive and extensive. This evidence includes data from many vertebrate ...
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Caenorhabditis elegans Feeding Behaviors
Nicolas Dallière, Lindy Holden-Dye, James Dillon, Vincent O'Connor, and Robert J. Walker
The microscopic free-living nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans was the first metazoan to have its genome sequenced and for many decades has served as a genetically tractable model for ...
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Caenorhabditis elegans Learning and Memory
James S.H. Wong and Catharine H. Rankin
The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), is an organism useful for the study of learning and memory at the molecular, cellular, neural circuitry, and behavioral levels. Its ...
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Caenorhabditis elegans Olfaction
Douglas K. Reilly and Jagan Srinivasan
To survive, animals must properly sense their surrounding environment. The types of sensation that allow for detecting these changes can be categorized as tactile, thermal, aural, or ...
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Central Mechanisms Regulating Coordinated Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function
Roger Dampney
In response to changes in metabolic demand, the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are regulated in a highly coordinated fashion, such that both ventilation and cardiac output increase ...
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Cephalochordate Nervous System
Simona Candiani and Mario Pestarino
The central and peripheral nervous systems of amphioxus adults and larvae are characterized by morphofunctional features relevant to understanding the origins and evolutionary history of ...
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Cephalopod Nervous System Organization
Z. Yan Wang and Clifton W. Ragsdale
Over 700 species of cephalopods live in the Earth’s waters, occupying almost every marine zone, from the benthic deep to the open ocean to tidal waters. The greatly varied forms and ...
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Cephalopod Olfaction
Anna Di Cosmo and Gianluca Polese
Within the Phylum Mollusca, cephalopods encompass a small and complex group of exclusively marine animals that live in all the oceans of the world with the exception of the Black and ...
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Cortical Processing of Odorants
Yaniv Cohen, Emmanuelle Courtiol, Regina M. Sullivan, and Donald A. Wilson
Odorants, inhaled through the nose or exhaled from the mouth through the nose, bind to receptors on olfactory sensory neurons. Olfactory sensory neurons project in a highly stereotyped ...
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