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Language and Cognitive Aging
Lori E. James and Sara Anne Goring
The questions of whether and why language processes change in healthy aging require complicated answers. Although comprehension appears to be more stable across adulthood than does ...
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Leadership Skills in Sport
W. James Weese and P. Chelladurai
The study of leadership has a long and distinguished history. Over the past 100 years, researchers have pursued distinct lines of inquiry summarized in the trait theories, the behavioral ...
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Life Space in Older Adults
Markus Wettstein, Hans-Werner Wahl, and Michael Schwenk
When referring to life space, researchers usually mean the area in which individuals move in their everyday lives. Life space can be measured based on different approaches, by means of ...
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Loneliness and Health
Aparna Shankar
Loneliness or perceived social isolation is a subjective experience relating to dissatisfaction with one’s social relationships. Most research has focused on the experience of loneliness ...
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Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional, and Sequential Designs in Lifespan Developmental Psychology
Susan Krauss Whitbourne
Research methods in lifespan development include single-factor designs that either follow a single cohort of individuals over time or compare age groups at a single time point. The two ...
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Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling in Lifespan Developmental Analyses
Philip Parker and Robert Brockman
Longitudinal structural equation modeling (LSEM) is used to answer lifespan relevant questions such as (a) what is the effect of one variable on change in and other, (b) what is the ...
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Measurement Burst Designs in Lifespan Developmental Research
Gawon Cho, Giancarlo Pasquini, and Stacey B. Scott
The study of human development across the lifespan is inherently about patterns across time. Although many developmental questions have been tested with cross-sectional comparisons of ...
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Mediator Variables
Matthew S. Fritz and Houston F. Lester
Mediator variables are variables that lie between the cause and effect in a causal chain. In other words, mediator variables are the mechanisms through which change in one variable causes ...
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Memory Rehabilitation in Healthy Aging
Nicole D. Anderson
Healthy aging is accompanied by decrements in episodic memory and working memory. Significant efforts have therefore been made to augment episodic and working memory in healthy older ...
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Mental Health Parity
Wayne Lindstrom
Continuing a history of inequity, private insurers have placed restrictions and limitations on coverage for mental health conditions making access to treatment services increasingly more ...
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Mental Illness: Worldwide
Karen M. Sowers, Catherine N. Dulmus, and Braden K. Linn
In the 2010s, mental health and related issues such as suicide have become major global issues of public health concern. The indirect costs to the global economy of mental ...
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Metamemory and Cognitive Aging
Christopher Hertzog and Taylor Curley
Metamemory is defined as cognitions about memory and related processes. Related terms in the literature include metacognition, self-evaluation, memory self-efficacy, executive function, ...
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Methodology for Twin Studies of Aging
Michael J. Lyons, Chandra A. Reynolds, William S. Kremen, and Carol E. Franz
The rapidly increasing number of people age 65 and older around the world has important implications for public health and social policy, making it imperative to understand the factors ...
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Methods of Health Behavior Change
Ildiko Tombor and Susan Michie
People’s behavior influences health, for example, in the prevention, early detection, and treatment of disease, the management of illness, and the optimization of healthcare professionals’ ...
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Mixed Methods Research in Adult Development and Aging
Joseph E. Gaugler, Colleen M. Peterson, Lauren L. Mitchell, Jessica Finlay, and Eric Jutkowitz
Mixed methods research consists of collecting and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data within a singular study. The “methods” of mixed methods research vary, but the ultimate goal ...
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Mixture Modeling for Lifespan Developmental Research
Alexandre J.S. Morin and David Litalien
As part of the Generalized Structural Equation Modeling framework, mixture models are person-centered analyses seeking to identify distinct subpopulations, or profiles, of participants ...
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Modeling in Sport and Performance
Barbi Law, Phillip Post, and Penny McCullagh
Modeling and imagery are distinct but related psychological skills. However, despite sharing similar cognitive processes, they have traditionally been investigated separately. While ...
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Moderation in Lifespan Developmental Analyses
Johnson Ching Hong Li and Virginia Man Chung Tze
In behavioral, social, and developmental research, researchers often begin with a fundamental question that examines whether there is a significant relationship between an independent ...
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Moderator Variables
Matthew S. Fritz and Ann M. Arthur
Moderation occurs when the magnitude and/or direction of the relation between two variables depend on the value of a third variable called a moderator variable. Moderator variables are ...
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Motivation in Sport and Performance
Glyn C. Roberts, Christina G. L. Nerstad, and P. Nicolas Lemyre
Motivation is the largest single topic in psychology, with at least 32 theories that attempt to explain why people are or are not motivated to achieve. Within sport psychology research, ...
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