Martha Elizabeth Branscombe’s (1906–1997) illustrious career in services to children and families expanded over three decades. Her exemplary leadership was at the local, national, and international levels.
121-140 of 1,141 Results
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Branscombe, Martha Elizabeth
Sadye L. M. Logan
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Breckinridge, Sophonisba Preston
Jean K. Quam
Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge (1866–1948) was an educator and social activist, based in Chicago. She taught the first course in public welfare administration and developed a postgraduate curriculum in social work, introducing the case method as the mode of instruction.
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Briar, Scott
Jennifer Briar-Bonpane and Katharine Briar-Lawson
Scott Briar (1926–1998) was a practitioner, researcher, scholar, and leader who championed research-informed practice and helped shape modern casework. He was Dean of Washington School of Social Work, edited Social Work, and served as a reviewer for NIMH.
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Brockway, Zebulon Reed
Jean K. Quam
Zebulon Reed Brockway (1827–1920) was a prison reformer primarily associated with New York State Reformatory in Elmira. A believer in rehabilitation rather than punishment, he initiated a program to prepare prisoners for release. His innovations met with considerable official opposition.
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Brody, Elaine Marjorie Breslow
Sadye L. M. Logan
Elaine Marjorie Breslow Brody (1922–2014) was a prolific researcher during a career that spanned six decades at the Philadelphia Geriatric Center, now the Polisher Research Institute. She was a trailblazer and visionary who combined practice and research as a social work practitioner. She served as a mentor and role model for many who were taking professional risks when gerontology was a new area of specialization. She leaves an outstanding legacy of scholarship, research, leadership, and service. She brought honor to the profession.
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Brown, W. Gertrude
Sadye L. M. Logan
Willie G. Brown, later known as W. Gertrude Brown (1888–1939), was a phenomenal woman and an activist for racial justice and the rights of women and children.
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Brown, William Neal
Richard L. Edwards
William Neal Brown (1919–2009) was a social work educator who began his professional career after service in World War II as a Tuskegee Airman. The son of an African American father and Native American mother, in 1956 he became the first black professor at Rutgers University, where he taught in the School of Social Work for the next 33 years.
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Bruno, Frank John
Jean K. Quam
Frank John Bruno (1874–1955) was an administrator and educator whose expertise and leadership influenced American social work. Working initially with the Associated Charities, he moved into academia, becoming president of two different bodies of social workers.
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Buell, Bradley
Jean K. Quam
Bradley Buell (1893–1976) was a community organizer and planner, whose work partially facilitated the development of the American Association of Social Workers. He organized community research projects nationwide, founding Community Research Associates, and wrote extensively on community planning.
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Bullying in Youth
Jonathan Singer and Karen Slovak
Bullying is the most common form of violence in schools and has been shown to disrupt the emotional and social development of both the targets and the perpetrators of bullying (Raskauskas & Stoltz, 2007). Bullying can be physical, verbal, relational, and direct or indirect. There are well-established age and sex trends (Olweus, 1993; Smith, Madsen, & Moody, 1999). There has been considerable research on bullying-prevention programs and scholarship on best-practice guidelines for school social workers (Dupper, 2013). An emerging concern is with the use of electronic and Internet devices in bullying, referred to as “cyberbullying.” In this article we define bullying and cyberbullying; discuss risk factors associated with being a bully, a victim, and a bully-victim; describe prevention and intervention programs; and discuss emerging trends in both bullying and cyberbullying.
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Burch, Hobart A.
Sadye L. M. Logan
Hobart A. Burch (1932–2012) was a productive scholar whose career was distinguished by his commitment to creating a just and equal world. His career spanned several interrelated areas with the emphasis on policy and program development.
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Burns, Eveline Mabel
John F. Longres
Eveline Mabel Burns (1900–1985) was a social economist and educator at Columbia University. She helped formulate the original Social Security Act and directed research that shaped public assistance and work programs through the 1940s.
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Bye, Lilian
Ragnhild Bjørknes and Hanne Synnøve Skedsmo Nilsen
Lilian Bye (1906–1977) was a developer of social work education as an applied academic discipline in Norway. She was the leader of establishing the first academic education for social workers in Norway. She was the principal at the school of social work in Trondheim from 1962, and during her time she established the first master’s in social work degree. Bye was a pioneer in academic education for social workers in Norway. Her work included clinical practices, publications, teaching, and leading social work education.
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Cabot, Richard Clarke
Jean K. Quam
Richard Clarke Cabot (1865–1939) was a physician and educator from Massachusetts, who initiated the first social work department at a US medical school. He instituted home visits to gain information about patients and make medicine more efficient through social work.
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Cannon, Ida Maud
Jean K. Quam
Ida Maud Cannon (1877–1960) was director of the Social Service Department at Massachusetts General Hospital, where she defined and developed medical social work. She moved medical social work into the community and provided social workers with specialized medical knowledge.
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Cannon, Mary Antoinette
Jean K. Quam
Mary Antoinette Cannon (1884–1962) was a social worker and educator who helped develop medical social work. She created courses in psychiatry and medicine in schools of social work and helped establish the Social Services Employees Union.
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Capacity Building
Karen A. Johnson, Sherron Wilkes, and Tania Alameda-Lawson
A half-century since its emergence, capacity development and building (CDB) remains an important strategy in countering societal and structural inequities. Yet, despite its importance, 20 years into the 21st century, these schisms have sorely deepened. Macro levels of divide are juxtaposed against a backdrop of meaningful CDB efforts and gains, nationally and internationally. The social work profession and social work educators should critically examine the ways in which CDB has been enacted to date. CDB efforts have directly and indirectly created transformational and sustainable improvements at individual, organizational, community, and societal levels of practice. CDB strategies may further deepen their impact on unjust systems, community, and societal change and have implications for social work education, practice, and research.
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Capital Punishment
Sondra J. Fogel, M. Dwayne Smith, and Beth Bjerregaard
Capital punishment, the administration of death as a legal sanction, is a criminal-justice response to a restricted class of criminal activities that involve the killing of another human being. As a legal process, capital punishment has been modified by several landmark U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Yet, it remains a controversial penalty with factors of race, gender, socio-economic status, mental health status of the defendant, and other extra-legal factors often attributed to the sentencing decision. Social workers are increasingly used as mitigation experts or in similar types of roles for the defense team. As a profession, social work opposes the use of capital punishment. The purpose of this entry is to provide an overview of the death penalty as it is currently practiced in the United States and to review current issues and controversies surrounding its administration.
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Care Transitions, Patient Health, and System Performance in the United States
June Simmons, Sandy Atkins, Janice Lynch Schuster, and Melissa Jones
Transitions in care occur when a patient moves from an institutional setting, such as a hospital or nursing home, to home or community, often with the hope or expectation of improving health status. At the very least, patients, clinicians, and caregivers aim to achieve stability and avoid complications that would precipitate a return to the emergency department (ED) or hospital. For some groups of vulnerable people, especially the very old and frail, such transitions often require specific, targeted coaching and supports that enable them to make the change successfully. Too often, as research indicates, these transitions are poorly executed and trigger a cycle of hospital readmissions and worsening health, even death. In recognizing these perils, organizations have begun to see that by improving the care transition process, they can improve health outcomes and reduce costs while ensuring safety, consistency, and continuity. While some of this improvement relies on medical care, coaching, social services and supports are often also essential. Lack of timely medical follow-up, transportation, inadequate nutrition, medication issues, low health literacy, and poverty present barriers to optimal health outcomes. By addressing social and environmental determinants of health and chronic disease self-management, social workers who make home visits or other proven timely interventions to assess and coach patients and their caregivers are demonstrating real results. This article describes care transitions interventions, research into barriers and opportunities, and specific programs aimed at improvement.
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Caribbean Americans
Marcia Bayne-Smith and Annette M. Mahoney
The diverse group of people referred to as Caribbean Americans come from the Circum-Caribbean region, which includes the island nations of the Caribbean Sea and the nations of Central America from Belize to Panama—35 nations in all. The heterogeneity of the Caribbean population is due to the colonization and geopolitical division of the region among English, Dutch, Spanish, and French colonizers, which resulted in many different cultures, ethnic groups, languages, educational systems, religious beliefs, and practices. However, the majority of the Caribbean populations share an African ancestry.
